not processed

1) frisch; neu [Beweise, Anstrich, Ideen]; frisch, neu [Energie, Mut, Papierbogen]

2) (cheeky) keck

* * *

1) (newly made, gathered, arrived etc: fresh fruit (= fruit that is not tinned, frozen etc); fresh flowers.) frisch

2) ((of people etc) healthy; not tired: You are looking very fresh this morning.) frisch

3) (another; different; not already used, begun, worn, heard etc: a fresh piece of paper; fresh news.) neu

4) ((of weather etc) cool; refreshing: a fresh breeze; fresh air.) frisch

5) ((of water) without salt: The swimming-pool has fresh water in it, not sea water.) nicht salzig, süß-...

•

- academic.ru/29449/freshen">freshen

* * *

1. attr (new) neu

there has been \fresh fighting between police and demonstrators es kam zu erneuten Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Polizei und Demonstranten

we need to get some \fresh blood into our department wir brauchen frisches Blut in unserer Abteilung

to make a \fresh start einen Neuanfang machen

2. (unused) ungebraucht, neu

3. (recent) frisch

the paint's still \fresh die Farbe ist noch feucht

the shopkeeper said she was \fresh out of soap die Ladenbesitzerin sagte, Seife sei gerade ausgegangen

\fresh snow Neuschnee m

\fresh from the factory/oven fabrik-/ofenfrisch

to be \fresh in sb's mind jdm noch frisch im Gedächtnis sein

to be \fresh from New York gerade von New York kommen

\fresh off the presses druckfrisch

\fresh from the suppliers frisch vom Lieferanten

to be \fresh from university frisch von der Universität kommen

4. (not stale) frisch

\fresh bread/fruit frisches Brot/Obst

5. attr (not processed) frisch

\fresh fish frischer Fisch

6. (clean and pleasant) frisch

to be like a breath of \fresh air ( fig) erfrischend [anders] sein

to get a breath of \fresh air frische Luft schnappen

\fresh breath/smell frischer Atem/Duft

\fresh taste erfrischender Geschmack

7. usu pred (cool, windy) frisch, kühl

it will be rather \fresh tomorrow morning es wird morgen früh ziemlich frisch werden

8. (strong) kräftig

\fresh breeze frische Brise

9. pred (not tired) ausgeruht

as \fresh as a daisy putzmunter fam

10. (healthy-looking) gesund; skin frisch

11. (exciting) frisch, neu

12. (not salty)

\fresh water Süßwasser nt

13. usu pred ( fam)

to get \fresh with sb (be disrespectful) jdm frech kommen; (make sexual advances) jdm gegenüber zudringlich sein

14. AM (sl: Black English) megacool sl

▶ to be neither fish, flesh nor good \fresh meat BRIT weder Fisch noch Fleisch sein

* * *

1. adj

1) (= not stale) food, clothes, taste, smell, breath frisch

2) (= new, recent) instructions, news, wallpaper neu; coat of paint, make-up, memories, scar frisch; (= additional, renewed) allegations, reports, inquiries weitere(r, s); fighting, attack erneut

3) (= not dried, processed, frozen) pasta, fruit, herbs, juice frisch

4) (= refreshed, not tired) person, horse, face, complexion frisch

5) (= refreshing, original) approach, style, writing erfrischend

6) (= cool and invigorating) morning, wind, breeze frisch

7) (inf: cheeky) frech; (= disrespectful) pampig (inf)

2. adv

1)

2) (inf)

* * *

fresh [freʃ]

A adj (adv freshly)

1. allg frisch, Frisch…:

sth is still fresh in sb’s mind etwas ist jemandem noch frisch im Gedächtnis oder noch in frischer Erinnerung;

the warning was still fresh in my ears die Warnung klang mir noch in den Ohren

2. neu (Beweise, Nachrichten etc)

3. kürzlich oder erst angekommen:

fresh arrival Neuankömmling m;

fresh from the assembly line direkt vom Fließband;

fresh from the oven ofenfrisch

4. neu, anders, verschieden:

take a fresh look at an affair eine Angelegenheit von einer anderen Seite betrachten; → ground¹ A 1, start A 4

5. frisch:

a) zusätzlich, weiter (Nachschub etc)

b) nicht alt, unverdorben:

fresh egg frisches Ei, Frischei n

c) nicht eingemacht, ohne Konservierungsstoffe:

fresh vegetables frisches Gemüse, Frischgemüse n;

fresh meat Frischfleisch n;

fresh butter ungesalzene Butter;

fresh herrings grüne Heringe

d) sauber (Hemd etc)

6. frisch:

a) unverbraucht

b) erfrischend: → fresh air

7. frisch, kräftig (Wind)

8. fig frisch:

a) blühend, gesund (Gesichtsfarbe)

b) ausgeruht, erholt

9. dial Br angeheitert, beschwipst

10. fig grün, unerfahren:

be fresh to noch keine Erfahrung haben in (dat)

11. umg

a) frech ( with zu), pampig pej:

don’t get fresh with me! werd bloß nicht frech!

b) get fresh with sb jemandem gegenüber zudringlich werden

B adv

1. frisch:

we are fresh out of lemons bes US umg uns sind die Zitronen gerade ausgegangen

2. (in Zusammensetzungen) frisch:

fresh-laid eggs frisch gelegte Eier

C s

1. Anfang m:

the fresh of the day der Tagesanfang

2. Frische f:

the fresh of the morning die morgendliche Kühle

3. → freshet

D v/t & v/i US für freshen A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, B 1, B 2, B 4

* * *

1) frisch; neu [Beweise, Anstrich, Ideen]; frisch, neu [Energie, Mut, Papierbogen]

2) (cheeky) keck

* * *

frisch adj.

[freʃ] adj

1) attr ( new) neu;

there has been \fresh fighting between police and demonstrators es kam zu erneuten Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Polizei und Demonstranten;

we need to get some \fresh blood into our department wir brauchen frisches Blut in unserer Abteilung;

to make a \fresh start einen Neuanfang machen

2) ( unused) ungebraucht, neu

3) ( recent) frisch;

the paint's still \fresh die Farbe ist noch feucht;

the shopkeeper said she was \fresh out of soap die Ladenbesitzerin sagte, Seife sei gerade ausgegangen;

\fresh snow Neuschnee m;

\fresh from the factory/ oven fabrik-/ofenfrisch;

to be \fresh in sb's mind jdm noch frisch im Gedächtnis sein;

to be \fresh from New York gerade von New York kommen;

\fresh off the presses druckfrisch;

\fresh from the suppliers frisch vom Lieferanten;

to be \fresh from university frisch von der Universität kommen

4) ( not stale) frisch;

\fresh bread/ fruit frisches Brot/Obst

5) attr ( not processed) frisch;

\fresh fish frischer Fisch

6) ( clean and pleasant) frisch;

to be like a breath of \fresh air ( fig) erfrischend [anders] sein;

to get a breath of \fresh air frische Luft schnappen;

\fresh breath/ smell frischer Atem/Duft;

\fresh taste erfrischender Geschmack

7) usu pred (cool, windy) frisch, kühl;

it will be rather \fresh tomorrow morning es wird morgen früh ziemlich frisch werden

8) ( strong) kräftig;

\fresh breeze frische Brise

9) pred ( not tired) ausgeruht;

as \fresh as a daisy putzmunter ( fam)

10) ( healthy-looking) gesund; skin frisch

11) ( exciting) frisch, neu

12) ( not salty)

\fresh water Süßwasser nt

13) usu pred ( fam);

to get \fresh with sb ( be disrespectful) jdm frech kommen;

( make sexual advances) jdm gegenüber zudringlich sein

14) (Am) (sl: Black English) megacool (sl)

to be neither fish, flesh nor good \fresh meat ( Brit) weder Fisch noch Fleisch sein

fresh adj

1 ( not old) [foodstuff] frais/fraîche ; to look fresh avoir l'air frais ; to feel fresh être frais au toucher ; to taste fresh avoir un goût frais ; to smell fresh avoir une odeur fraîche ; eggs fresh from the farm des œufs frais de la ferme ; flowers fresh from the garden des fleurs fraîchement cueillies dans le jardin ; bread fresh from the oven du pain frais sorti du four ;

2 Culin ( not processed) [herbs, pasta, coffee] frais/fraîche ; fresh orange juice jus d'orange pressée ;

3 (renewed, other) [clothes, linen] propre ; [cigarette] nouveau/-elle (before n) ; [ammunition] supplémentaire ; [information, evidence, supplies] nouveau/-elle (before n) ; [attempt, assignment, inquiry] nouveau/-elle (before n) ; a fresh coat of paint une nouvelle couche de peinture ; a fresh glass of wine un nouveau verre de vin ; to take a fresh look at sth regarder qch d'un œil neuf ; to make a fresh start prendre un nouveau départ ;

4 ( recent) [cut, fingerprint, blood] frais/fraîche ; [memory, news] récent ; write it down while it is still fresh in your mind écris-le tant que tu l'as tout frais à l'esprit ; the accident is still fresh in her memory l'accident est encore tout frais dans sa mémoire ;

5 ( recently returned) young people fresh from ou out of school des jeunes à peine sortis de l'école ; to be fresh from a trip abroad être tout frais débarqué d'un voyage à l'étranger ;

6 (refreshing, original) [approach, outlook, way] (tout) nouveau/(toute) nouvelle (before n) ; a fresh approach to the problem une toute nouvelle approche du problème ;

7 (energetic, alert) to feel ou be fresh être plein d'entrain ; you will feel fresher in the morning tu auras plus d'entrain demain matin ;

8 (cool, refreshing) [air, day, water] frais/fraîche ;

9 US ○ ( over-familiar) impertinent ; to be fresh with sb être un peu familier/-ière avec qn ; to get fresh with sb ( sexually) prendre des libertés avec qn ;

10 Meteorol a fresh breeze une bonne brise.

to be fresh out of ○ être en panne de ○ [supplies etc].

tr[ʌnrɪ'faɪnd]

adjective

1 (product) no refinado,-a, sin refinar

2 (person) inculto,-a, rudo,-a, tosco,-a, basto,-a

unrefined [.ʌnri'faɪnd] adj

1) : no refinado, sin refinar (dícese del azúcar, de la harina, etc.)

2) : poco refinado, inculto (dícese de una persona)

• grosero, -a adj.

• inculto, -a adj.

• malcriado, -a adj.

• no refinado adj.

adjective <flour/sugar> sin refinar, no refinado; <gold/ore> en estado bruto; <person/manners> poco refinado or pulido

['ʌnrɪ'faɪnd]

1) (=not processed) [oil, sugar etc] crudo, sin refinar

2) (=coarse) [person, manners] poco refinado

* * *

adjective <flour/sugar> sin refinar, no refinado; <gold/ore> en estado bruto; <person/manners> poco refinado or pulido

unrefined [ˈʌnrɪˈfaɪnd]

   a. ( = not processed) [sugar] non raffiné ; [cereal, rice] complet (- ète f) ; [oil] brut

   b. [person] fruste

* * *

1) [flour, sugar] non raffiné; [oil] brut, non raffiné

2) [person, manners, style] peu raffiné

1. numbering plan

план нумерации

2. Not Processed

не обработан

3. number portability

переносимость номера

1) схема; цепь; контур

2) канал; линия; тракт

3) тлф. шлейф

4) цикл ( графа)

5) круговое движение, движение по окружности || совершать круговое движение, двигаться по окружности

•

- π-circuit

 

логический оператор
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Other operators (NOT, OR, AND, NOT OR and NOT AND) are available in the LOGIC function group for linking the selected list items.
In this way binary signals and binary input signals can be processed in a Boolean equation tailored to meet user requirements.
[Schneider Electric]

В функциональной группе ЛОГИК имеются и другие логические операторы (НЕ, ИЛИ, И, НЕ-ИЛИ и НЕ-И) для связи элементов, выбранных из списка.
Таким образом, используя логические операторы можно составлять Булевы выражения из внутренних двоичных сигналов и входных двоичных сигналов.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики

• Булева алгебра, элементы цифровой техники

EN

• logic operator

1) Американизм: Nuclear Fuel Market

2) Военный термин: Near-Full-Motion, МОС (North Finding Module; модуль ориентации по Северу)

3) Техника: narrowband frequency modulation, узкополосная частотная модуляция

4) Сокращение: North Finding Module, Not Flat Machinable (item that cannot be processed on the ASFM 100 flat sorting machines)

5) Фирменный знак: National Filter Media Corporation, Nebraska Furniture Mart

6) СМИ: Natural Foods Merchandiser

7) Чат: No Further Message

8) Программное обеспечение: NetWork File Manager

9) СМС: Not For Me

1) Американизм: Nuclear Fuel Market

2) Военный термин: Near-Full-Motion, МОС (North Finding Module; модуль ориентации по Северу)

3) Техника: narrowband frequency modulation, узкополосная частотная модуляция

4) Сокращение: North Finding Module, Not Flat Machinable (item that cannot be processed on the ASFM 100 flat sorting machines)

5) Фирменный знак: National Filter Media Corporation, Nebraska Furniture Mart

6) СМИ: Natural Foods Merchandiser

7) Чат: No Further Message

8) Программное обеспечение: NetWork File Manager

9) СМС: Not For Me

1) учет = work in progress

2) учет = goods-in-process inventory

* * *

* * *

юр. Я ознакомлен и согласен со следующим

§ ფილმი

§

1 ფოტო / კინო ფირი

2 ფენა, აპკი

3 კინოფილმი

4 ფილმის გადაღება, კინოფირზე გადაღება

5 დაორთქვლა (დაიორთქლება)

- paper for copying

- paper for covers

- paper for making-ready

- abrasive paper

- absorbent paper

- absorptive paper

- account book paper

- acid-free paper

- acid-proof paper

- active paper

- adhesive paper

- advertising paper

- air-dried paper

- airmail paper

- air-proof paper

- alabaster paper

- Albert note paper

- album paper

- albumenized paper

- Alexandria paper

- alkali-proof paper

- alkali-resistant paper

- all-rag paper

- all-rag litho paper

- animal-sized paper

- animal tub-sized paper

- antiacid manila paper

- antique paper

- antirust paper

- antitarnish paper

- armored paper

- art paper

- ashless filter paper

- atlas paper

- autographic printing paper

- azure laid paper

- backing paper

- backlining paper

- bag paper

- bakelite paper

- bank paper

- banknote paper

- barrier coated paper

- baryta paper

- base paper

- bastard paper

- batic paper

- bible paper

- bibulous paper

- bill paper

- black pattern paper

- black photo paper

- black wrapping paper

- blade coated paper

- blank paper

- blank-book paper

- bleached paper

- blotting paper

- blue paper

- blueprint paper

- board paper

- body paper

- bond paper

- book-end paper

- book-lining paper

- book paper

- boxed paper

- Braille paper

- Bristol paper

- broken paper

- bromide paper

- brown paper

- brownprint paper

- brush-coated paper

- bull paper

- bulked paper

- bulking paper

- burlap-lined paper

- burnt paper

- cable paper

- calendered paper

- calendered gravure paper

- calendered letterpress paper

- calf paper

- cameo-coated paper

- candy paper

- cap paper

- capsule-carrying paper

- carbon paper

- carbonless paper

- carbon printing paper

- carborundum paper

- cartridge paper

- caseine-coated paper

- case-lining paper

- casse paper

- cassie paper

- cast-coated paper

- chalk overlay paper

- chart paper

- chemical transfer paper

- chemical wood-pulp paper

- check paper

- china paper

- chlorobromide paper

- chroma paper

- chromo paper

- cigarette paper

- clay-coated paper

- closely made paper with moderate finish

- cloth-backed paper

- cloth-centered paper

- cloth-lined paper

- coarse paper

- coarse-grain abrasive paper

- coated paper

- coated free-sheet paper

- coated groundwood paper

- coated litho paper

- coated one-side paper

- coated two-side paper

- cob paper

- collotype paper

- colored printing paper

- condenser paper

- conditioned paper

- conducting paper

- contact paper

- continuous paper

- contrast paper

- converting paper

- coordinate paper

- copy paper

- cork paper

- corn raw paper

- correspondence paper

- corrugated paper

- cotton rag paper

- cover paper

- crayon paper

- cream-laid paper

- cream-wove paper

- crкpe paper

- cross-section paper

- currency paper

- cut sized paper

- cyclostyle raw paper

- Day-glo fluorescent paper

- decalcomania paper

- deckle edged paper

- decorative paper

- design paper

- developing paper

- diazo paper

- diazoprint paper

- diazotype tracing paper

- dielectric paper

- dielectric coated paper

- difficult paper

- diffusion-transfer negative paper

- double-coated paper

- double-sided self-adhesive paper

- double-tone paper

- drafting paper

- drawing paper

- drying paper

- dry mat paper

- dull art paper

- dull coated paper

- dull finished art paper

- duplex paper

- duplicating note paper

- duplicator paper

- dusty paper

- egg-shell paper

- electrical paper

- electrically conductive paper

- electrophotographic paper

- electrostatic recording paper

- elephant paper

- embossed paper

- emery paper

- enamel paper

- end-leaf paper

- endless paper

- English-finish paper

- engraver's paper

- envelope paper

- esparto paper

- extra-supercalendered paper

- Fabriano paper

- facing paper

- fanfold paper

- fashion paper

- featherweight paper

- filigree paper

- filter paper

- fine paper

- finished paper

- fireproof paper

- flat paper

- flatting paper

- flint paper

- flong paper

- floorpost paper

- fluffy paper

- fly-leat paper

- foil paper

- foil raw paper

- food packaging paper

- foolscape paper

- fraud-proof paper

- French-Japan paper

- frisket paper

- garnet paper

- gelatined paper

- geography paper

- glass paper

- glassine paper

- glazed paper

- glazed imitation paper

- glossy paper

- gold paper

- goldenred paper

- granulated paper

- grained paper

- graph paper

- gravure paper

- grease-proof paper

- green paper

- gritty paper

- groundwood paper

- 50 gsm paper

- gummed paper

- gummed label paper

- halftone paper

- halftone coated paper

- handle paper

- hand-made paper

- hard paper

- hard-sized paper

- hard-surfaced paper

- heat-copying paper

- heat seal paper

- heat-sensitive paper

- heavy paper

- heliographic paper

- helioprinting sensitized paper

- high-bulking paper

- high grade paper

- highly-glazed paper

- Holland hand-made paper

- hosiery paper

- hotmelt coated paper

- hot weather type pigment paper

- hydrophilic paper

- illustrated postcard paper

- illustration printing paper

- image bearing paper

- imbibition paper

- imitation art paper

- imitation deckle-edge paper

- imitation hand-made paper

- impregnated paper

- impression paper

- Indian paper

- Indian Oxford paper

- Indian-proof paper

- indicator paper

- insulation paper

- intaglio paper

- interleaving paper

- ion-exchange paper

- ivory paper

- Japan paper

- Japanese paper

- Java paper

- job paper

- job printing paper

- jute paper

- kraft paper

- label paper

- lace paper

- lacquer-coated paper

- laid paper

- laminated paper

- large paper

- lay-out paper

- leaf paper

- ledger paper

- legal paper

- letter paper

- light-weight paper

- linear paper

- linen paper

- lining paper

- linty paper

- lithographic paper

- litmus paper

- loaded paper

- loan paper

- loose paper

- low-grade paper

- luminous paper

- machine-coated paper

- machine-finished paper

- machine-glazed paper

- machine-made paper

- magazine paper

- manifold paper

- manila paper

- map paper

- marble paper

- marbling paper

- masking paper

- mat art paper

- match label paper

- matrix paper

- mat surface paper

- mechanical transfer paper

- mechanical wood-pulp paper

- metal paper

- metal base paper

- metallic paper

- metal-mounted paper

- mica paper

- mill-conditioned paper

- mill-finished litho paper

- mill-tinted paper

- mimeograph paper

- modified paper

- monotype paper

- mottled paper

- multigraph paper

- multiply paper

- music paper

- music printing paper

- napkin paper

- natural colored paper

- NCR paper

- no carbon required paper

- needle paper

- negative paper

- neutral pH paper

- news paper

- noiseless paper

- nonabsorbent paper

- nonbibulous paper

- noncurling paper

- normal-type pigment paper

- note paper

- not surface paper

- odd-sized paper

- off-caliper paper

- office paper

- official paper

- offset paper

- oil paper

- oil cloth paper

- oiled paper

- oil-impregnated paper

- oil tracing paper

- old paper

- one-side art paper

- one-side glazed paper

- one-time carbon paper

- onion skin paper

- ordinary paper

- ornamental paper

- packing paper

- packaging paper

- page paper

- papyroline paper

- paraffined paper

- parchment paper

- parchmentizing paper

- parliamentary paper

- paste-board work paper

- pasted paper

- peel-off backing paper

- perforated paper

- photograph paper

- photographic raw paper

- photogravure pigment paper

- photolitho paper

- phototypesetting paper

- pigment paper

- pigmented gelatin-coated paper

- pigmented offset paper

- pigment printing raw paper

- plain paper

- plastic paper

- plastic-coated paper

- plotting paper

- point paper

- porous paper

- poster paper

- preimpregnated paper

- preservative paper

- pressure-sensitive paper

- pressure-sensitive carbon paper

- printed paper

- printing paper

- printing-out paper

- process-coated paper

- processed paper

- production-coated paper

- program paper

- proof paper

- publication paper

- pulp-colored paper

- punched paper

- pure paper

- pure-rag paper

- pyroxylin-coated paper

- qualitative filter paper

- quantitative filter paper

- rag paper

- raw paper

- reagent paper

- record paper

- recycled paper

- red matrix paper

- reeled paper

- reflex paper

- reinforced paper

- release paper

- resin-sized paper

- resistant paper

- reversal paper

- rice paper

- roll paper

- rotogravure paper

- rough paper

- royal paper

- ruled paper

- safety paper

- safety check paper

- satin paper

- scrap paper

- section paper

- security paper

- self-adhesive paper

- self-copy paper

- sensitive paper

- sensitized paper

- set-off preventive paper

- sheet paper

- silicone-coated paper

- silicone-treated paper

- silk paper

- silver paper

- sized paper

- slack sized paper

- small cap paper

- small hands paper

- smooth paper

- soft paper

- soft-sized paper

- special paper

- specially sized paper

- sprocketed paper

- squared paper

- stained paper

- stale paper

- stamp paper

- stamped paper

- starch paper

- stencil paper

- stout paper

- strong paper

- sunday paper

- super paper

- supercalendered paper

- superroyal paper

- surface-sized paper

- synthetic paper

- synthetic fiber paper

- tea paper

- tea label paper

- technical paper

- Teledeltos paper

- texture paper

- thermoplastic adhesive paper

- thermosensitive paper

- thick printing paper

- thin printing paper

- ticket paper

- tinted paper

- tissue paper

- title paper

- tobacco paper

- top packing paper

- top quality paper

- torchon paper

- tough paper

- tracing paper

- transfer paper

- translucent paper

- transparent paper

- tub-sized paper

- turmeric paper

- twin-wire paper

- two-side coated paper

- tympan paper

- uncalendered paper

- uncoated paper

- uncoated free-sheet paper

- unglazed paper

- unglued paper

- unsized paper

- Van Dyke paper

- variable contrast paper

- vat paper

- vegetable parchment paper

- vellum paper

- wall paper

- waste paper

- waterproof paper

- wavy edge paper

- waxed paper

- weak paper

- web paper

- white paper

- whity brown paper

- wire-laid paper

- woodfree paper

- wood-pulp paper

- wove paper

- wrapping paper

- writing paper

- zinc oxide paper

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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The young Eastman was a clerk-bookkeeper in the Rochester Savings Bank when in 1877 he took up photography. Taking lessons in the wet-plate process, he became an enthusiastic amateur photographer. However, the cumbersome equipment and noxious chemicals used in the process proved an obstacle, as he said, "It seemed to be that one ought to be able to carry less than a pack-horse load." Then he came across an account of the new gelatine dry-plate process in the British Journal of Photography of March 1878. He experimented in coating glass plates with the new emulsions, and was soon so successful that he decided to go into commercial manufacture. He devised a machine to simplify the coating of the plates, and travelled to England in July 1879 to patent it. In April 1880 he prepared to begin manufacture in a rented building in Rochester, and contacted the leading American photographic supply house, E. \& H.T.Anthony, offering them an option as agents. A local whip manufacturer, Henry A.Strong, invested $1,000 in the enterprise and the Eastman Dry Plate Company was formed on 1 January 1881. Still working at the Savings Bank, he ran the business in his spare time, and demand grew for the quality product he was producing. The fledgling company survived a near disaster in 1882 when the quality of the emulsions dropped alarmingly. Eastman later discovered this was due to impurities in the gelatine used, and this led him to test all raw materials rigorously for quality. In 1884 the company became a corporation, the Eastman Dry Plate \& Film Company, and a new product was announced. Mindful of his desire to simplify photography, Eastman, with a camera maker, William H.Walker, designed a roll-holder in which the heavy glass plates were replaced by a roll of emulsion-coated paper. The holders were made in sizes suitable for most plate cameras. Eastman designed and patented a coating machine for the large-scale production of the paper film, bringing costs down dramatically, the roll-holders were acclaimed by photographers worldwide, and prizes and medals were awarded, but Eastman was still not satisfied. The next step was to incorporate the roll-holder in a smaller, hand-held camera. His first successful design was launched in June 1888: the Kodak camera. A small box camera, it held enough paper film for 100 circular exposures, and was bought ready-loaded. After the film had been exposed, the camera was returned to Eastman's factory, where the film was removed, processed and printed, and the camera reloaded. This developing and printing service was the most revolutionary part of his invention, since at that time photographers were expected to process their own photographs, which required access to a darkroom and appropriate chemicals. The Kodak camera put photography into the hands of the countless thousands who wanted photographs without complications. Eastman's marketing slogan neatly summed up the advantage: "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest." The Kodak camera was the last product in the design of which Eastman was personally involved. His company was growing rapidly, and he recruited the most talented scientists and technicians available. New products emerged regularly—notably the first commercially produced celluloid roll film for the Kodak cameras in July 1889; this material made possible the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Eastman's philosophy of simplifying photography and reducing its costs continued to influence products: for example, the introduction of the one dollar, or five shilling, Brownie camera in 1900, which put photography in the hands of almost everyone. Over the years the Eastman Kodak Company, as it now was, grew into a giant multinational corporation with manufacturing and marketing organizations throughout the world. Eastman continued to guide the company; he pursued an enlightened policy of employee welfare and profit sharing decades before this was common in industry. He made massive donations to many concerns, notably the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and supported schemes for the education of black people, dental welfare, calendar reform, music and many other causes, he withdrew from the day-to-day control of the company in 1925, and at last had time for recreation. On 14 March 1932, suffering from a painful terminal cancer and after tidying up his affairs, he shot himself through the heart, leaving a note: "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?" Although Eastman's technical innovations were made mostly at the beginning of his career, the organization which he founded and guided in its formative years was responsible for many of the major advances in photography over the years.

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   1) The Nature of Perception

    Perception is the immediate discriminatory response of the organism to energy-activating sense organs.... To discriminate is to make a choice reaction in which contextual conditions play a deciding role. (Bartley, 1969, pp. 11-12)

   2) The Problem of Recoding Perceptions to Achieve Understanding

   t seems (to many) that we cannot account for perception unless we suppose it provides us with an internal image (or model or map) of the external world, and yet what good would that image do us unless we have an inner eye to perceive it, and how are we to explain its capacity for perception? It also seems (to many) that understanding a heard sentence must be somehow translating it into some internal message, but how will this message be understood: by translating it into something else? The problem is an old one, and let's call it Hume's Problem, for while he did not state it explicitly, he appreciated its force and strove mightily to escape its clutches. (Dennett, 1978a, p. 122)

   3) We Sense the Presence of a Stimulus, But We Perceive What It Is

    Perception refers to the way in which we interpret the information gathered (and processed) by the senses. In a word, we sense the presence of a stimulus, but we perceive what it is. (Levine & Schefner, 1981, p. 1)

   4) Locating the Source of a Perception or an Idea

   [W]henever we do try and find the source of... a perception or an idea, we find ourselves in an ever-receding fractal, and wherever we choose to delve we find it equally full of details and interdependencies. It is always the perception of a perception of a perception. (Varela, 1984, p. 320)